What characterizes "waterfall structures" in private equity?

Waterfall structures in private equity are fundamentally designed to dictate how profits are distributed among partners based on tiers or levels of returns. This distribution mechanism generally consists of multiple tiers that categorize how profits are allocated after certain thresholds or preferred returns are met. For example, in a typical waterfall structure, initial profits may be distributed to limited partners until they receive a specified return, after which general partners may start to receive a share of the profits.

The tiered approach reflects a way to incentivize both limited and general partners, aligning their interests in maximizing returns while also mitigating risks associated with the investment. It establishes clear expectations around profit-sharing, impacting fund performance and partner motivations significantly. Thus, the correct characterization of waterfall structures is their systematic approach to profit allocation rather than management fees, losses, or irrelevance in evaluating fund performance.